timeline of human history from sumer to the bible pdf

The Akkadians also called the Sumerians 'black-headed people', or ṣalmat-qaqqadi, in the Semitic Akkadian language. For example, the Sumerian king Shulgi described himself as 'the king of the four quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people'. The origin of the Sumerians is not known, but the people of Sumer referred to themselves as 'Black Headed Ones' or 'Black-Headed People' ( 𒊕 𒈪, sag̃-gíg, lit. 'country' + 'lords' + 'noble') as seen in their inscriptions. The Sumerians referred to their land as Kengir, the 'Country of the noble lords' ( 𒆠 𒂗 𒄀, k-en-gi(-r), lit. The term 'Sumer' ( Sumerian: 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi or 𒅴𒂠 eme-g̃ir 15, Akkadian: 𒋗𒈨𒊒 šumeru) is the name given to the language spoken by the 'Sumerians', the ancient non- Semitic-speaking inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, by their successors the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. The first is the pictographic character for 'head' (, later ), the second the character for 'night', and for 'black' when pronounced gíg (, later ). Right: cuneiform characters for Saĝ-gíg ( 𒊕 𒈪), 'Black Headed Ones', the native designation for the Sumerians.

Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler Gudea, c. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, Mesoamerica, the Indus Valley civilisation, and ancient China. Sumer ( / ˈ s uː m ər/) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. The coastline was nearly reaching Ur in ancient times. The general location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline.

Timeline of human history from sumer to the bible pdf